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misfitwashere · 2 months ago

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TIMOTHY SNYDER

APR 19

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Thirty years ago today, I was driving a moving van across the country, from the west coast to the east. The hold was packed well; the ride was wobbly, and I kept the heavy vehicle between the lines, mile after mile. Driving carefully, I was surprised to be stopped by state troopers. When I rolled down the window to face some polite questioning, I didn’t know that Timothy McVeigh had bombed the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, killing 168 people and injuring 684 more.

In the days that followed, the horror was treated for what it was: an attack by a racist, right-wing anti-government terrorist. I worry now that, thirty years on, a similar attack is very likely, and would have a different outcome. I don't want us to be more frightened than we should be. But I do want us to be ready, so that a moment of predictable shock does not become a lifetime of avoidable subjugation.

As I will try to show, the present government invites a terror attack. Most of the people directing the relevant agencies are incompetent; the next few layers down have been purged in culture wars; much the remaining personnel have resigned, been fired, or are demoralized; resources have been diverted away from terror prevention; Americans has been distracted by fiction and chaos; and potential attackers have been encouraged.

And so we have to think — now — about what would follow such an attack. Musk, Trump, Vance, and the rest would try to exploit the moment to undo remaining American freedoms. Let me cite Lesson 18 of On Tyranny.

18. Be calm when the unthinkable arrives. Modern tyranny is terror management. When the terrorist attack comes, remember that authoritarians exploit such events in order to consolidate power. The sudden disaster that requires the end of checks and balances, the dissolution of opposition parties, the suspension of freedom of expression, the right to a fair trial, and so on, is the oldest trick in the Hitlerian book. Do not fall for it.

In just three months, the Trump people have made the unthinkable much more likely. They have created the conditions for terrorism, and thus for terror management. This is true at several levels.

Most obviously, they have debilitated the services that detect terrorist threats and prevent attacks: the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and the National Security Agency (NSA). The CIA is a foreign intelligence service. The FBI is the federal police force. The NSA, which specializes in cryptography and foreign signals intelligence, is part of the Department of Defense. Homeland Security is a cabinet-level department that amalgamates a number of functions from immigration control through disaster relief and anti-terrorism.

Overall guidance over the intelligence agencies is exercised by Tulsi Gabbard, who is known as an apologist for the now-overthrown Assad regime in Syria and the Putin regime in Russia. The director of the FBI is Kash Patel, an author of children's books that promote conspiracy theories, and a recipient of payments from sources linked to Russia. Patel plans to run the agency from Las Vegas, where he resides in the home of a Republican megadonor. The deputy director of the FBI is Dan Bongino, a right-wing entertainer who has called the FBI "irredeemable corrupt" and indulged in conspiracy theories about its special agents. He now draws FBI special agents away from their usual duties to serve as a personal bodyguard. The director of Homeland Security is Kristi Noem, who lacks relevant expertise.

Noem has distinguished herself by posing in front of a cell full of prisoners in El Salvador. Homeland Security is focused on spectacular abductions at the expense of its other missions. Its programs to prevent terrorism have been defunded, and it is no longer keeping up its database on domestic terrorism. As one insider put it: “The vibe is: How to use DHS to go after migrants, immigrants. That is the vibe, that is the only vibe, there is no other vibe. It’s wild — it’s as if the rest of the department doesn’t exist.” The obsession with migrants means that local law enforcement, all across the country, is being in effect federalized in the service of an objective that is essentially irrelevant to core missions. That, too, makes life easier for aspiring terrorists.

The National Security Agency sits within the Department of Defense, which is run by Pete Hegseth, a right-wing entertainer and culture warrior. He has fired people who were qualified, and is unable to keep even his own people at work — he just lost four staffers in one day. The “meltdown” at the top of the Pentagon bodes ill.

The leadership of the NSA itself was recently changed, under bizarre and troubling circumstances. After a meeting with conspiracy theorist Laura Loomer, Trump fired the NSA director, General Timothy Haugh. Wendy Noble, the deputy director, was also fired. This decapitation was part of a larger set of firings initiated by Loomer. It takes place during an ongoing purge of military leaders and national security officials. From the perspective of potential attackers, the culture wars mean vulnerability.

Meanwhile, other Department of Defense agencies that are central to the twenty-first century security of the United States, such as the Defense Digital Service, are destroyed by Elon Musk’s DOGE. It is worth contemplating the reaction of a former Pentagon official: “They’re not really using AI, they’re not really driving efficiency. What they’re doing is smashing everything.” In general, the penetration of the federal government by DOGE has weakened its functions, and likely made critical data available to adversaries who wish to hurt Americans.

The rank and file of the critical institutions are subjected to administrative hostility and chaos. The names of active CIA officers have been sent on open emails to the White House, and in a Signal chat in which a reporter was included. CIA employees have been urged to take early retirement. CIA officers involved in any way in diversity recruitment have been fired (a judge has blocked this, for the time being).

FBI special agents have been exposed to similar indignities. Top FBI officials have been pressured to resign and have done so. Musk-Trump is pursuingFBI special agents who were involved in prosecutions of people who stormed the Capitol on January 6th 2021. Patel proposes that special agents be trained by a company that promotes commercial fights that is based in Las Vegas. Sending FBI special agents to Nevada to simulate Fight Club for Patel’s personal delectation is not going to keep Americans safe.

The Musk-Trump people run national security, intelligence, and law enforcement like a television show. The entire operation of forcible rendition of migrants to a Salvadoran concentration camp was based upon lies. It is not just that Kilmar Abgrego Garcia was mistakenly apprehended. The entire thing was made for television. Its point was the creation of the fascist videos. But this is a media strategy, meant to frighten Americans. And a media strategy does not stop actual terrorists. It summons them.

Terrorism is a real risk in the real world. The constant use of the word to denote unreal threats creates unreality. And unreality inside ket institutions degrades capability. Security agencies that have been trained to follow political instructions about imaginary threats do not investigate actual threats. Fiction is dangerous. Treating the administration’s abduction of a legal permanent resident as a heroic defense against terror is not only mendacious and unconstitutional but also dangerous.

Moreover, Musk-Trump make the United States look vulnerable. Americans under the spell of Trump’s or Musk’s charisma might imagine that strength is being projected. Not so. To prospective terrorists we look erratic and weak. Even apparently unrelated policies — such as enabling foreign disinformation, gutting environmental protection, undoing weather forecasting, ending food inspections, and undermining disease control — make life easier for terrorists and open avenues of attack. By taking apart the government, crashing the economy, and dividing the population, Musk and Trump invite attention of the worst sort, from people who wish to hurt Americans.

Who are such people? Three possible groups of perpetrators of a major terrorist attack in the United States are native right-wing nationalists or white supremacists (“domestic violent extremists”), Islamicists, and Russians.

Most terrorism in the United States is domestic, and most of the domestic terror comes from the far right. We have recently seen a series of white supremacist killings. Cody Balmer, who wanted to kill Pennsylvania’s (Democratic, Jewish) governor, wrote that “Biden supporters should not exist.”

It might seem counter-intuitive that the far right would carry out acts of terror under Trump, but this is already the norm, and there are good reasons to expect worse. Musk pushes the story that civil servants deserve pain. The most lethal domestic terror attack in US history, McVeigh’s bombing, was directed against federal workers. Right-wing terrorists might believe that terror is what Trump wants. The suspect in the recent Florida mass shooting “advocated for President Donald Trump's agenda and often promoted white supremacist values,” according to someone who saw him��regularly. Trump has long practiced stochastic violence. His pardon of the January 6th criminals encourages terror with the promise of forgiveness. Patel promoted a recording of the January 6 criminals singing the national anthem. This coddling culture of martryrdom makes more killing more likely.

There is also another scenario. Far right movements can divide, with the more impatient angry with those they see as compromised. This is a lessonfrom the history of fascism. Some supporters of Trump will be disappointed with him. The assassination attempt on Trump was carried out by someone whose social media posts conveyed hatred of Jews and immigrants. Bongino now has to contend with fans of his show who think that the January 6th criminals should be running the FBI.

The Murrah Federal Building, Oklahoma City, 19 April 1995

And our guard has been dropped. Even at the best of times, the FBI has generally had trouble articulating the centrality of domestic right-wing terrorism. Now the risk is denied. High officials of Musk-Trump tend to sharethe views of right-wing nationalists, which makes it less likely that they will be seen as a threat. Under Patel, the FBI will deprioritize this important area of investigation. In keeping with his and Noem’s priorities, FBI agents have been assigned away from domestic terrorism. Thus far, the main "terrorist" threat seen by Trump-Musk are protestors in front of Tesla dealerships. Diverting attention to parking lots will not keep Americans safe.

Musk-Trump are also generating scenarios for Islamicist terror. A motivation for Islamicist terrorists is contention over territory in the Middle East. The Trump administration advocates the ethnic cleansing of the entire (surviving) population of Gaza. The US armed forces are also firing ordnance into Yemen with the announced goal of "annihilating" the Houthis who hold power. In a Signal group chat, top national security officials rejoiced (with emojis) over a strike in which a building collapsed. It seems unclear that Musk-Trump will have accounted for the related terrorism risk.

Russia is now a risk in a way that it was not before. It has special units that carry out acts of destruction abroad, such as assassinations and sabotage. In the last three years, these operations have accelerated inside Europe, and include blowing up military sites. Russia also pays people inside other countries to carry out acts of terror and sabotage. Russia has been carrying out cyber attacks inside the United States for years.

Before Musk-Trump, the United States had been fastidious about including Russia as a possible source of foreign terror. Now Russia is presented as an ally and Putin as a friend; intelligence and defense work designed to monitor Russian sabotage inside the United States have been scaled back, as has tracking of Russian war crimes in Ukraine and public reporting on Russia. Gabbard, the director of national intelligence, rationalizes Russian aggression. Patel, the FBI director, owes his career to the claim that people who (truthfully) speak of Russian operations inside the United States are carrying out a hoax. Trump’s nominee for US district attorney for Washington, DC, is a media star in Russia.

This is all beyond the wildest dreams of the Kremlin. The Putinism on display in the federal government creates an atmosphere in which a Russian operation inside the United States would be much easier.

It is not hard to see what Russia would gain from a false-flag terror attack on American territory. Moscow would be seeking to weaken the United States, and by generating a response from Musk-Trump that suits Russia. Having Trump blame his enemies for what was in fact a Russian attack is in the interest of the Russian Federation.

Other actors than these three are also possible. I fear, though, that whether I am right or wrong about the specific source, there can be no doubt that we are far more vulnerable than we were three months ago. And any major attack, regardless of origin, would lead to the same kind terror management. The people in the White House have no governing skills, but they do have entertainment skills. They will seek to transform themselves from the villains of the story to the heroes, and in the process bring down the republic. Please indulge me if I ask you to consider Lesson 18 again.

20 lessons, read by John Lithgow

That lesson arises from two notorious twentieth-century examples: the Reichstag Fire in Germany in 1933, which Hitler used to declare a state of emergency, and the Kirov assassination in the Soviet Union in 1934, which Stalin used as an excuse to expand terror. In both cases, it is the reactionthat we remember, rather than the event itself.

I wish that terrorist attacks were a moment when government could be trusted. But the temptation, for any government, is to take the shock and to divert it in a convenient direction. And the temptation, for us, is to imagine that our leaders will rise to the occasion. After 9/11, I listened to President Bush address the nation, sitting in my pickup, on the driveway outside a friend’s house. Though my own politics were very different, I remember the pull inside me, the wish to believe that he would do the right thing. I didn’t let myself believe anything of the sort, but I remember the feeling: and it is that tug that we cannot let get the best of us.

Our present government would be the last to resist the temptation to exploit terror. Musk-Trump would, I fear, make little if any attempt to apprehend the responsible people, especially if they are Americans or Russians. They might blame the Democratic Party, or Americans they hate for other reasons, or the opposition generally, or Canadians or Ukrainians or other Europeans. They will likely try to put an end to the American republic.

This is the critical moment when we must prevent ourselves from going along.

I do not relish describing this chain of events. But the only way to cut the chain it is to see the links. And when we can imagine that we ourselves have the power to cut the links, as we do, we can also imagine ourselves more free.

History teaches us how terrorist attacks are exploited. Our advantage is that we know this history, and so react sensibly. Do not give the present regime the benefit of the doubt after it allows a terrorist attack to take place on American soil. Be skeptical about its account of who is to blame. Insist that Musk-Trump take responsibility. And understand that freedom is the first condition of security. A terrorist attack is no reason to concede anything to this regime. On the contrary: such a failure by Musk-Trump would be one more reason, and a very powerful one, to resist it.

Throughout history, and around the world right now, government indifference and incompetence that leads to civilians deaths has been seen as a reason for protest.

The night before I was stopped by the police, I had been driving that truck through water. It was a time of high rain in the central United States. Highways were flooded.

In the pre-revolutionary France of the eighteenth century, decadent rulers said “après nous, le déluge” — “after us, the flood.” We care not at all about the consequences of our actions; we are here to profit so long as we can. This is the attitude of Musk, Trump, and the rest. They are in it for themselves, provoking disasters for the rest of us along the way.

A few days before that drive began, I finished my doctoral dissertation, about revolutions, based on research in post-communist Poland. One of my supervisors was the the British historian Timothy Garton Ash. Considering the task of Poland’s new democratic government, he reversed the formula of French royalty, writing: “après le deluge, nous.”

After the flood, we remain. The disaster brought by the decadent is part of the story. But it is not the conclusion. It is what we do next that matters.

#timothy snyder #thinking about...

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mariacallous · 2 months ago

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In just three months, the Trump people have made the unthinkable much more likely. They have created the conditions for terrorism, and thus for terror management. This is true at several levels.

FBI special agents have been exposed to similar indignities. Top FBI officials have been pressured to resign and have done so. Musk-Trump is pursuing FBI special agents who were involved in prosecutions of people who stormed the Capitol on January 6th 2021. Patel proposes that special agents be trained by a company that promotes commercial fights that is based in Las Vegas. Sending FBI special agents to Nevada to simulate Fight Club for Patel’s personal delectation is not going to keep Americans safe.

The Musk-Trump people run national security, intelligence, and law enforcement like a television show. The entire operation of forcible rendition of migrants to a Salvadoran concentration camp was based upon lies. It is not just that Kilmar Abrego Garcia was mistakenly apprehended. The entire thing was made for television. Its point was the creation of the fascist videos. But this is a media strategy, meant to frighten Americans. And a media strategy does not stop actual terrorists. It summons them.

It might seem counter-intuitive that the far right would carry out acts of terror under Trump, but this is already the norm, and there are good reasons to expect worse. Musk pushes the story that civil servants deserve pain. The most lethal domestic terror attack in US history, McVeigh’s bombing, was directed against federal workers. Right-wing terrorists might believe that terror is what Trump wants. The suspect in the recent Florida mass shooting “advocated for President Donald Trump's agenda and often promoted white supremacist values,” according to someone who saw him regularly. Trump has long practiced stochastic violence. His pardon of the January 6th criminals encourages terror with the promise of forgiveness. Patel promoted a recording of the January 6 criminals singing the national anthem. This coddling culture of martryrdom makes more killing more likely.

There is also another scenario. Far right movements can divide, with the more impatient angry with those they see as compromised. This is a lesson from the history of fascism. Some supporters of Trump will be disappointed with him. The assassination attempt on Trump was carried out by someone whose social media posts conveyed hatred of Jews and immigrants. Bongino now has to contend with fans of his show who think that the January 6th criminals should be running the FBI.

And our guard has been dropped. Even at the best of times, the FBI has generally had trouble articulating the centrality of domestic right-wing terrorism. Now the risk is denied. High officials of Musk-Trump tend to share the views of right-wing nationalists, which makes it less likely that they will be seen as a threat. Under Patel, the FBI will deprioritize this important area of investigation. In keeping with his and Noem’s priorities, FBI agents have been assigned away from domestic terrorism. Thus far, the main "terrorist" threat seen by Trump-Musk are protestors in front of Tesla dealerships. Diverting attention to parking lots will not keep Americans safe.

Right then comes is the critical moment when we must prevent ourselves from going along.

Throughout history, and around the world right now, government indifference and incompetence that leads to civilians deaths has been seen as a reason for protest.

The night before I was stopped by the police, I had been driving that truck through water. It was a time of high rain in the central United States. Highways were flooded.

After the flood, we remain. The disaster brought by the decadent is part of the story. But it is not the conclusion. It is what we do next that matters.

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playstationvii · 7 months ago

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Jest: A Concept for a New Programming Language

Summary: "Jest" could be envisioned as a novel computer programming language with a focus on humor, playfulness, or efficiency in a specific domain. Its design might embrace creativity in syntax, a unique philosophy, or a purpose-driven ecosystem for developers. It could potentially bridge accessibility with functionality, making coding intuitive and enjoyable.

Definition: Jest: A hypothetical computer language designed with a balance of simplicity, expressiveness, and potentially humor. The name suggests it might include unconventional features, playful interactions, or focus on lightweight scripting with a minimalist approach to problem-solving.

Expansion: If Jest were to exist, it might embody these features:

Playful Syntax: Commands and expressions that use conversational, quirky, or approachable language. Example:

joke "Why did the loop break? It couldn't handle the pressure!"; if (laughs > 0) { clap(); }

Efficiency-Focused: Ideal for scripting, rapid prototyping, or teaching, with shortcuts that reduce boilerplate code.

Modular Philosophy: Encourages user-created modules or libraries, reflecting its playful tone with practical use cases.

Integrated Humor or Personality: Built-in error messages or prompts might be witty or personalized.

Flexibility: Multi-paradigm support, including functional, procedural, and object-oriented programming.

Transcription: An example code snippet for a Jest-like language:

// Hello World in Jest greet = "Hello, World!"; print(greet); laugh();

A Jest program that calculates Fibonacci numbers might look like this:

// Fibonacci in Jest fib = (n) => n < 2 ? n : fib(n-1) + fib(n-2);

joke "What's the Fibonacci sequence? You'll love it, it grows on you!"; n = 10; print("The Fibonacci number at", n, "is:", fib(n));

Potential Domains:

Gamified education

Creative industries

AI-driven storytelling

Interactive debugging

Would you like me to refine or explore additional aspects?

Certainly! If we were to imagine Jest as the brainchild of a creative coder or team, their portfolio would likely include other innovative or experimental programming languages. Let’s expand on this concept and invent some plausible complementary languages the same inventor might have designed.

Related Languages by the Inventor of Jest

Pantomime

Description: A visual programming language inspired by gesture and movement, where users "drag and drop" symbols or create flowcharts to express logic. Designed for non-coders or children to learn programming through interaction.

Key Features:

Icon-based syntax: Conditional loops, variables, and functions represented visually.

Works seamlessly with Jest for creating visual representations of Jest scripts.

Sample Code (Visual Representation): Flowchart blocks: Input → Decision → Output.

Facet

Description: A declarative programming language focusing on creativity and modularity, aimed at artists, designers, and 3D modelers. Facet could integrate well with game engines and creative suites like Blender or Unity.

Key Features:

Embedded visual tools for shaders, animations, and simulations.

Simplified expressions for creative coding (e.g., animations and generative art).

Sample Code:

shape = circle(radius: 10, color: "blue"); animation = wave(shape, amplitude: 5, frequency: 2); render(animation, duration: 10s);

Quip

Description: A lightweight scripting language built for humor, similar to Jest, but more focused on natural language processing, chatbots, and interactive storytelling.

Key Features:

Syntax mirrors conversational English.

Designed for AI integration, especially in storytelling apps.

Sample Code:

character "Alice" says "Hello! What's your name?"; user_input -> name; character "Alice" says "Nice to meet you, {name}!";

Cryptic

Description: A language for designing cryptography algorithms and secure communications. Aimed at developers interested in blockchain, encryption, or cybersecurity.

Key Features:

High-level abstractions for cryptographic primitives.

Secure-by-design philosophy.

Sample Code:

key = generate_key(algorithm: "AES", length: 256); encrypted_message = encrypt("Hello, World!", key); print(encrypted_message);

Harmony

Description: A reactive programming language for building interactive user interfaces, designed to be highly interoperable with Jest and other tools in the suite. Perfect for web developers and app creators.

Key Features:

Two-way data binding with minimal boilerplate.

Component-based architecture.

Sample Code:

component Button { state: clicked = false; onClick() { clicked = !clicked; alert("Button clicked!"); } } render(Button);

Inventor’s Vision

The coder or team behind Jest and these complementary languages would likely be passionate about:

Accessibility: Making programming intuitive and fun for people of all skill levels.

Playfulness: Infusing coding with creativity, humor, and expressiveness.

Interoperability: Ensuring all their languages work well together for larger projects.

Would you like me to dive deeper into one of these languages, conceptualize others, or expand Jest further?

Expanded Concepts and Bridge Languages

Pantomime

Expansion: Adds support for AR/VR interfaces where users use gestures to program logic in 3D space. For example, drawing a loop physically creates a repetitive cycle.

Bridge Language: GestureScript: Converts AR/VR gestures from Pantomime into traditional code for broader applications.

Facet

Expansion: Enhanced for generative AI tools, allowing users to define complex artistic styles and AI-driven procedural designs.

Bridge Language: PixelForge: Focused on exporting Facet code into game engines, enabling real-time rendering pipelines for interactive environments.

Quip

Expansion: Includes pre-trained AI models for dynamic storytelling, allowing Quip scripts to evolve based on user interaction.

Bridge Language: Narrate: Combines Quip scripts with voice-to-text technologies for live storytelling in games or educational tools.

Cryptic

Expansion: Introduces quantum-safe cryptography primitives and allows simulation of blockchain-like ecosystems for testing purposes.

Bridge Language: CipherBridge: Translates Cryptic code into various blockchain frameworks like Ethereum or Solana.

Harmony

Expansion: Gains support for cross-platform development, allowing users to write code for web, mobile, and IoT devices simultaneously.

Bridge Language: Symphony: Converts Harmony components into platform-native scripts for seamless integration.

Additional Bridge Languages

Echo: Bridges Quip and Jest, enabling storytelling code to trigger functional scripts for immersive experiences.

Morph: A universal language that compiles any Jest family code into executable binaries for specific operating systems.

Thread: Integrates Cryptic and Harmony to build secure, reactive user interfaces for fintech applications.

Canvas: Bridges Facet and Pantomime to create interactive art in AR/VR, blending visual coding with gesture inputs.

Let me know if you'd like a deeper dive into any specific language or bridge concept!

Here's a detailed exploration of Echo, Morph, Thread, Canvas, and all previously mentioned languages, emphasizing their unique applications and advanced functionalities.

Expanded Bridge Languages

Echo

Purpose: Links storytelling elements in Quip with functional programming in Jest, enabling dynamic, immersive interactions between narrative and logic.

Key Features:

Story-driven logic triggers: e.g., a character’s dialogue prompts a database query or API call.

Integration with AI tools for real-time responses.

Use Case: AI-driven chatbots that incorporate both storytelling and complex backend workflows.

Sample Code:

story_event "hero_arrives" triggers fetch_data("weather"); response = "The hero enters amidst a storm: {weather}.";

Morph

Purpose: Acts as a meta-compiler, translating any language in the Jest ecosystem into optimized, platform-specific binaries.

Key Features:

Universal compatibility across operating systems and architectures.

Performance tuning during compilation.

Use Case: Porting a Jest-based application to embedded systems or gaming consoles.

Sample Code:

input: Facet script; target_platform: "PS7"; compile_to_binary();

Thread

Purpose: Combines Cryptic's security features with Harmony's reactive architecture to create secure, interactive user interfaces.

Key Features:

Secure data binding for fintech or healthcare applications.

Integration with blockchain for smart contracts.

Use Case: Decentralized finance (DeFi) apps with intuitive, safe user interfaces.

Sample Code:

bind secure_input("account_number") to blockchain_check("balance"); render UI_component(balance_display);

Canvas

Purpose: Fuses Facet's generative design tools with Pantomime's gesture-based coding for AR/VR art creation.

Key Features:

Real-time 3D design with hand gestures.

Multi-modal export to AR/VR platforms or 3D printers.

Use Case: Collaborative VR environments for designers and architects.

Sample Code:

gesture: "draw_circle" → create_3D_shape("sphere"); gesture: "scale_up" → modify_shape("sphere", scale: 2x); render(scene);

Deep Dive into Main Languages

Jest

Philosophy: A playful, expressive scripting language with versatile syntax tailored for humor, experimentation, and creativity.

Core Application: Writing scripts that blend functional programming with a whimsical, human-readable style.

Pantomime

Expanded Features: Includes AI-driven gesture recognition for predictive modeling and natural motion capture.

Advanced Use: Developing AR apps for rehabilitation therapy where exercises are coded as gestures.

Facet

Advanced Use: Procedural generation in games, defining terrains, weather systems, and NPC behaviors with artistic flair.

Quip

Advanced Features: Integrates pre-trained language models for nuanced, character-driven dialogue trees.

Advanced Use: Creating adaptive narratives in games where user decisions alter the story arc.

Cryptic

Advanced Features: Quantum-safe algorithms and AI-enhanced key generation for unbreakable security.

Advanced Use: Designing multi-layered blockchain ecosystems with Cryptic’s high-level abstractions.

Harmony

Advanced Features: Adaptive UIs that respond to user emotion, tracked via AI-enhanced cameras.

Advanced Use: Apps for mental health, where interfaces adjust to user stress levels.

Proposed New Bridge Languages

Chord

Bridges Harmony and Facet for designing interactive music-based visual art.

Use Case: Music videos where the visuals respond to real-time sound input.

Path

Links Cryptic and Canvas for secure AR/VR environments.

Use Case: Virtual meetings in secure, customized 3D spaces.

Fable

Connects Quip and Pantomime for storytelling via interactive gestures.

Use Case: VR education apps where lessons are taught through immersive narratives.

Would you like a specific implementation plan for any of these languages or applications?

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govindhtech · 28 days ago

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Craig Gidney Quantum Leap: Reduced Qubits And More Reliable

A Google researcher reduces the quantum resources needed to hack RSA-2048.

Google Quantum AI researcher Craig Gidney discovered a way to factor 2048-bit RSA numbers, a key component of modern digital security, with far less quantum computer power. His latest research shows that fewer than one million noisy qubits could finish such a task in less than a week, compared to the former estimate of 20 million.

The Quantum Factoring Revolution by Craig Gidney

In 2019, Gidney and Martin Ekerå found that factoring a 2048-bit RSA integer would require a quantum computer with 20 million noisy qubits running for eight hours. The new method allows a runtime of less than a week and reduces qubit demand by 95%. This development is due to several major innovations:

To simplify modular arithmetic and reduce computing, approximate residue arithmetic uses Chevignard, Fouque, and Schrottenloher (2024) techniques.

Yoked Surface Codes: Gidney's 2023 research with Newman, Brooks, and Jones found that holding idle logical qubits maximises qubit utilisation.

Based on Craig Gidney, Shutty, and Jones (2024), this method minimises the resources needed for magic state distillation, a vital stage in quantum calculations.

These advancements improve Gidney's algorithm's efficiency without sacrificing accuracy, reducing Toffoli gate count by almost 100 times.

Cybersecurity Effects

Secure communications including private government conversations and internet banking use RSA-2048 encryption. The fact that quantum-resistant cryptography can be compromised with fewer quantum resources makes switching to such systems more essential.

There are no working quantum computers that can do this technique, but research predicts they may come soon. This possibility highlights the need for proactive cybersecurity infrastructure.

Expert Opinions

Quantum computing experts regard Craig Gidney's contribution as a turning point. We offer a method for factoring RSA-2048 with adjustable quantum resources to bridge theory and practice.

Experts advise not panicking immediately. Quantum technology is insufficient for such complex tasks, and engineering challenges remain. The report reminds cryptographers to speed up quantum-secure method development and adoption.

Improved Fault Tolerance

Craig Gidney's technique is innovative in its tolerance for faults and noise. This new approach can function with more realistic noise levels, unlike earlier models that required extremely low error rates, which quantum technology often cannot provide. This brings theoretical needs closer to what quantum processors could really achieve soon.

More Circuit Width and Depth

Gidney optimised quantum circuit width (qubits used simultaneously) and depth (quantum algorithm steps). The method balances hardware complexity and computing time, improving its scalability for future implementation.

Timeline for Security Transition

This discovery accelerates the inevitable transition to post-quantum cryptography (PQC) but does not threaten present encryption. Quantum computer-resistant PQC standards must be adopted by governments and organisations immediately.

Global Quantum Domination Competition

This development highlights the global quantum technological competition. The US, China, and EU, who invest heavily in quantum R&D, are under increased pressure to keep up with computing and cryptographic security.

In conclusion

Craig Gidney's invention challenges RSA-2048 encryption theory, advancing quantum computing. This study affects the cryptographic security landscape as the quantum era approaches and emphasises the need for quantum-resistant solutions immediately.

#CraigGidney #Cybersecurity #qubits #quantumsecurealgorithms #cryptographicsecurity #postquantumcryptography #technology #technews #technologynews #news #govindhtech

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digitaldetoxworld · 1 month ago

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Web to Mobile: Building Seamless Apps with .NET"

.NET is a effective, flexible, and open-supply developer platform created with the aid of Microsoft. It enables the creation of a huge range of applications—from computing device to cellular, net, cloud, gaming, and IoT. Over the years, .NET has evolved substantially and has become one of the maximum extensively used frameworks inside the software improvement enterprise.

Dot Net Programming Language

A Brief History of .NET

The .NET Framework become first delivered through Microsoft in the early 2000s. The original cause turned into to offer a steady item-oriented programming surroundings regardless of whether code became stored and finished locally, remotely, or via the internet.

Over time, Microsoft developed .NET right into a cross-platform, open-supply framework. In 2016, Microsoft launched .NET Core, a modular, high-performance, cross-platform implementation of .NET. In 2020, the company unified all its .NET technologies beneath one umbrella with the discharge of .NET five, and later persisted with .NET 6, .NET 7, and past.

Today, the unified platform is actually called .NET, and it allows builders to build apps for Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, Android, and greater using a single codebase.

Key Features of .NET

1. Cross-Platform Development

One of the maximum tremendous features of present day .NET (publish .NET Core) is its ability to run on a couple of platforms. Developers can construct and deploy apps on Windows, Linux, and macOS with out enhancing their codebases.

2. Multiple Language Support

.NET supports numerous programming languages, together with:

C# – the maximum extensively used language in .NET development

F# – a purposeful-first programming language

Visual Basic – an smooth-to-analyze language, regularly used in legacy programs

This multilingual capability allows developers to pick out the nice language for their precise use cases.

3. Extensive Library and Framework Support

.NET offers a comprehensive base magnificence library (BCL) and framework libraries that aid the whole lot from record studying/writing to XML manipulation, statistics get entry to, cryptography, and extra.

Four. ASP.NET for Web Development

ASP.NET is a part of the .NET platform specially designed for net improvement. ASP.NET Core, the cross-platform model, permits builders to build scalable internet APIs, dynamic web sites, and actual-time packages the usage of technology like SignalR.

5. Rich Development Environment

.NET integrates seamlessly with Visual Studio, one of the most function-wealthy integrated development environments (IDEs) available. Visual Studio offers capabilities together with IntelliSense, debugging tools, challenge templates, and code refactoring.

6. Performance and Scalability

.NET is thought for high performance and scalability, especially with its guide for asynchronous programming using async/wait for and its Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.

7. Secure and Reliable

.NET presents sturdy safety features, including code get entry to security, role-based protection, and cryptography training. It also handles reminiscence management thru rubbish series, minimizing reminiscence leaks.

Common Applications Built with .NET

1. Web Applications

With ASP.NET Core, builders can create cutting-edge, scalable internet programs and RESTful APIs. Razor Pages and Blazor are technology within ASP.NET Core that help server-facet and purchaser-facet rendering.

2. Desktop Applications

Using Windows Forms or Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF), builders can build conventional computing device applications. .NET MAUI (Multi-platform App UI) now extends this functionality to move-platform computer and cellular programs.

3. Mobile Applications

Through Xamarin (now incorporated into .NET MAUI), developers can create native mobile applications for Android and iOS the usage of C#.

4. Cloud-Based Applications

.NET is nicely-acceptable for cloud development, in particular with Microsoft Azure. Developers can build cloud-local apps, serverless capabilities, and containerized microservices the usage of Docker and Kubernetes.

5. IoT Applications

.NET helps Internet of Things (IoT) development, allowing builders to construct applications that engage with sensors and gadgets.

6. Games

With the Unity sport engine, which helps C#, developers can use .NET languages to create 2D, three-D, AR, and VR games.

Components of .NET

1. .NET SDK

The Software Development Kit includes everything had to build and run .NET packages: compilers, libraries, and command-line tools.

2. CLR (Common Language Runtime)

It handles reminiscence control, exception managing, and rubbish collection.

Three. BCL (Base Class Library)

The BCL offers center functionalities including collections, record I/O, records kinds, and extra.

4. NuGet

NuGet is the package manager for .NET. It lets in builders to install, manage, and share libraries without problems.

Modern .NET Versions

.NET five (2020): Unified the .NET platform (Core + Framework)

.NET 7 (2022): Further overall performance enhancements and more desirable APIs

.NET 8 (2023): Continued attention on cloud-native, cellular, and web improvement

Advantages of Using .NET

Cross-platform assist – construct as soon as, run everywhere

Large developer network – widespread sources, libraries, and frameworks

Robust tooling – especially with Visual Studio and JetBrains Rider

Active improvement – backed by using Microsoft and open-source community

Challenges and Considerations

Learning curve – particularly for beginners due to its giant atmosphere

Legacy framework – older .NET Framework tasks aren't like minded with .NET Core or more recent variations without migration

Platform differences – sure APIs or libraries might also behave in a different way throughout operating systems

Getting Started with .NET

To begin growing with .NET:

Install the .NET SDK from the legitimate .NET internet site.

Create a new project: Use the dotnet new command or Visual Studio templates.

Write code: Develop your logic the usage of C#, F#, or VB.NET.

#btech students #bca students #online programming courses #offline institute programming courses #regular colleges university #Dot Net Programming Language

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trump-executive-orders · 5 months ago

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Strengthening American Leadership in Digital Financial Technology

Issued January 23, 2025.

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and in order to promote United States leadership in digital assets and financial technology while protecting economic liberty, it is hereby ordered as follows:

Section 1. Purpose and Policies. (a) The digital asset industry plays a crucial role in innovation and economic development in the United States, as well as our Nation's international leadership. It is therefore the policy of my Administration to support the responsible growth and use of digital assets, blockchain technology, and related technologies across all sectors of the economy, including by:

(i) protecting and promoting the ability of individual citizens and private-sector entities alike to access and use for lawful purposes open public blockchain networks without persecution, including the ability to develop and deploy software, to participate in mining and validating, to transact with other persons without unlawful censorship, and to maintain self-custody of digital assets;

(ii) promoting and protecting the sovereignty of the United States dollar, including through actions to promote the development and growth of lawful and legitimate dollar-backed stablecoins worldwide;

(iii) protecting and promoting fair and open access to banking services for all law-abiding individual citizens and private-sector entities alike;

(iv) providing regulatory clarity and certainty built on technology-neutral regulations, frameworks that account for emerging technologies, transparent decision making, and well-defined jurisdictional regulatory boundaries, all of which are essential to supporting a vibrant and inclusive digital economy and innovation in digital assets, permissionless blockchains, and distributed ledger technologies; and

(v) taking measures to protect Americans from the risks of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs), which threaten the stability of the financial system, individual privacy, and the sovereignty of the United States, including by prohibiting the establishment, issuance, circulation, and use of a CBDC within the jurisdiction of the United States.

Sec. 2. Definitions. (a) For the purpose of this order, the term "digital asset" refers to any digital representation of value that is recorded on a distributed ledger, including cryptocurrencies, digital tokens, and stablecoins.

(b) The term "blockchain" means any technology where data is:

(i) shared across a network to create a public ledger of verified transactions or information among network participants;

(ii) linked using cryptography to maintain the integrity of the public ledger and to execute other functions;

(iii) distributed among network participants in an automated fashion to concurrently update network participants on the state of the public ledger and any other functions; and

(iv) composed of source code that is publicly available.

(c) "Central Bank Digital Currency" means a form of digital money or monetary value, denominated in the national unit of account, that is a direct liability of the central bank.

Sec. 3. Revocation of Executive Order 14067 and Department of the Treasury Framework of July 7, 2022. (a) Executive Order 14067 of March 9, 2022 (Ensuring Responsible Development of Digital Assets) is hereby revoked.

(b) The Secretary of the Treasury is directed to immediately revoke the Department of the Treasury's "Framework for International Engagement on Digital Assets," issued on July 7, 2022.

(c) All policies, directives, and guidance issued pursuant to Executive Order 14067 and the Department of the Treasury's Framework for International Engagement on Digital Assets are hereby rescinded or shall be rescinded by the Secretary of the Treasury, as appropriate, to the extent they are inconsistent with the provisions of this order.

(d) The Secretary of the Treasury shall take all appropriate measures to ensure compliance with the policies set forth in this order.

Sec. 4. Establishment of the President's Working Group on Digital Asset Markets. (a) There is hereby established within the National Economic Council the President's Working Group on Digital Asset Markets (Working Group). The Working Group shall be chaired by the Special Advisor for AI and Crypto (Chair). In addition to the Chair, the Working Group shall include the following officials, or their designees:

(i) the Secretary of the Treasury;

(ii) the Attorney General;

(iii) the Secretary of Commerce;

(iv) the Secretary of Homeland Security;

(v) the Director of the Office of Management and Budget;

(vi) the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs:

(vii) the Assistant to the President for National Economic Policy (APEP);

(viii) the Assistant to the President for Science and Technology;

(ix) the Homeland Security Advisor;

(x) the Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission; and

(xi) the Chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission.

(xii) As appropriate and consistent with applicable law, the Chair may invite the heads of other executive departments and agencies (agencies) or other senior officials within the Executive Office of the President, to attend meetings of the Working Group, based on the relevance of their expertise and responsibilities.

(b) Within 30 days of the date of this order, the Department of the Treasury, the Department of Justice, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and other relevant agencies, the heads of which are included in the Working Group, shall identify all regulations, guidance documents, orders, or other items that affect the digital asset sector. Within 60 days of the date of this order, each agency shall submit to the Chair recommendations with respect to whether each identified regulation, guidance document, order, or other item should be rescinded or modified, or, for items other than regulations, adopted in a regulation.

(c) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Working Group shall submit a report to the President, through the APEP, which shall recommend regulatory and legislative proposals that advance the policies established in this order. In particular, the report shall focus on the following:

(i) The Working Group shall propose a Federal regulatory framework governing the issuance and operation of digital assets, including stablecoins, in the United States. The Working Group's report shall consider provisions for market structure, oversight, consumer protection, and risk management.

(ii) The Working Group shall evaluate the potential creation and maintenance of a national digital asset stockpile and propose criteria for establishing such a stockpile, potentially derived from cryptocurrencies lawfully seized by the Federal Government through its law enforcement efforts.

(d) The Chair shall designate an Executive Director of the Working Group, who shall be responsible for coordinating its day-to-day functions. On issues affecting the national security, the Working Group shall consult with the National Security Council.

(e) As appropriate and consistent with law, the Working Group shall hold public hearings and receive individual expertise from leaders in digital assets and digital markets.

Sec. 5. Prohibition of Central Bank Digital Currencies

(a) Except to the extent required by law, agencies are hereby prohibited from undertaking any action to establish, issue, or promote CBDCs within the jurisdiction of the United States or abroad.

(b) Except to the extent required by law, any ongoing plans or initiatives at any agency related to the creation of a CBDC within the jurisdiction of the United States shall be immediately terminated, and no further actions may be taken to develop or implement such plans or initiatives.

Sec. 6. Severability. (a) If any provision of this order, or the application of any provision to any person or circumstance, is held to be invalid, the remainder of this order and the application of its provisions to any other persons or circumstances shall not be affected thereby.

Sec. 7. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or

(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.

(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.

(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

#us government #us politics #executive orders #cryptocurrency

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andrewkamal · 5 months ago

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Why Choose Malgo for Your Cryptocurrency Development Needs? A Comprehensive Guide

Cryptocurrency is rapidly changing the way businesses and individuals approach finance and technology. From its decentralized nature to its potential to disrupt traditional financial systems, the world of cryptocurrency is growing, and businesses are looking to adopt this innovative technology. But when it comes to cryptocurrency development, you need a reliable partner who can guide you through the process. That’s where Malgo comes in. This comprehensive guide explains why Malgo is the good choice for your cryptocurrency development needs.

What is Cryptocurrency?

Cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual form of currency that uses cryptography for security. It operates independently of any central bank, meaning it is decentralized. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments, cryptocurrencies are based on blockchain technology, a decentralized system that records all transactions made with a particular cryptocurrency.

Cryptocurrency offers numerous advantages over traditional currencies, including lower transaction fees, faster transaction times, and greater privacy. The most well-known cryptocurrency is Bitcoin, but there are thousands of other cryptocurrencies, each with its own unique features and use cases.

What is Cryptocurrency Development?

Cryptocurrency development refers to the creation and maintenance of digital currencies and blockchain-based solutions. It involves building the underlying technology that supports cryptocurrencies, including the development of wallets, exchanges, and security features.

For businesses looking to create their own cryptocurrency or blockchain-based solutions, cryptocurrency development is a critical step. It requires a deep understanding of blockchain technology, security measures, and the regulatory landscape. Cryptocurrency developers must be proficient in coding, cryptography, and distributed ledger technology to ensure that their digital currency is secure, scalable, and functional.

Why Should You Choose a Cryptocurrency Development Company? Key Considerations

Choosing a cryptocurrency development company is a significant decision. Several factors should be considered when making your choice, as the right company will play a key role in the success of your cryptocurrency project.

Expertise and Experience: A reputable cryptocurrency development company should have a team of experienced developers who are well-versed in blockchain technology, cryptocurrency protocols, and security measures. This expertise ensures that your cryptocurrency is built on a solid foundation.

Security: Security is one of the most critical aspects of cryptocurrency development. Your development partner should have a strong focus on building secure platforms that protect users' funds and data from cyber threats.

Regulatory Knowledge: The cryptocurrency industry is heavily regulated in many regions. A good development company will stay updated on the latest regulations and ensure that your cryptocurrency project complies with local laws.

Post-launch Support: Cryptocurrency development doesn't end once the product is launched. Ongoing support and maintenance are necessary to keep your cryptocurrency platform running smoothly and to address any emerging issues or updates.

Types of Cryptocurrencies:

There are various types of cryptocurrencies, each serving a different purpose and offering unique advantages for businesses. Understanding these types is essential when considering the development of your own cryptocurrency solution.

Coins: Coins like Bitcoin and Ethereum are the most commonly known cryptocurrencies. They have their own blockchain and are primarily used as a store of value or for transactions.

Tokens: Unlike coins, tokens are built on existing blockchains like Ethereum. These tokens can represent a variety of assets, from real-world assets to digital services. They are commonly used in Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) and as a way to raise funds for new blockchain projects.

Stablecoins: Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies that are pegged to the value of a stable asset like a fiat currency (USD, EUR, etc.). They offer the benefits of cryptocurrency but without the volatility, making them ideal for businesses looking to integrate cryptocurrency into their operations without the risk.

Utility Tokens: These tokens are used to access specific features or services within a blockchain platform or ecosystem. For example, they might be used as payment for transactions or to access special services on a platform.

Security Tokens: Security tokens are digital representations of real-world assets like stocks or bonds. They are subject to regulation and provide businesses with an avenue to tokenize their assets for better liquidity and broader investor access.

Can Malgo Help with Regulatory Compliance for Cryptocurrency Projects?, A Clear Answer

Regulatory compliance is one of the most important aspects of cryptocurrency development. The regulatory landscape for cryptocurrency is complex and varies from country to country. Failure to comply with regulations can result in penalties, delays, or even project cancellation.

Malgo is well-versed in the regulatory requirements of the cryptocurrency industry. They have a team of legal and compliance experts who stay up-to-date with the latest laws and regulations.Their team can guide you through the regulatory process and help ensure that your cryptocurrency project adheres to all necessary legal requirements, such as Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Know Your Customer (KYC) policies.

By choosing Malgo, you can be confident that your cryptocurrency project will comply with the laws of the countries in which you operate, ensuring a smooth and legal launch.

Does Malgo Provide Post-Launch Support for Cryptocurrency Projects?

Developing a cryptocurrency is just the beginning. The success of your cryptocurrency project largely depends on how well it is maintained and updated after its launch. This includes fixing bugs, adding new features, and ensuring the platform remains secure.

Malgo offers extensive post-launch support for cryptocurrency projects. Their team provide ongoing monitoring, troubleshooting, and updates to ensure that your cryptocurrency platform functions smoothly and securely. They also offers scalability solutions, meaning they can help your platform grow as your user base and transaction volume increase.

Having a partner like Malgo for post-launch support can make all the difference in maintaining a successful cryptocurrency platform.

Why Malgo is the Right Choice for Your Cryptocurrency Development Needs

Malgo stands out as a top choice for cryptocurrency development due to its expertise, commitment to security, and focus on customer satisfaction. With an experienced team of skilled developers and blockchain experts, Their team has successfully completed cryptocurrency projects and understands the industry's details. Security is a top priority at Malgo, implementing the latest protocols to safeguard your platform from vulnerabilities and attacks. Their regulatory experts ensure that your project remains compliant with shifting global laws, preventing potential legal issues. They also takes a customer-centric approach, building long-term relationships by offering best solutions aligned with your business goals, and providing post-launch support to ensure ongoing success. With a focus on scalability, Their team ensures your cryptocurrency platform can grow with your business. Ready to take your cryptocurrency project to the next level? Partner with Malgo for secure, scalable, and innovative solutions. Malgo’s deep understanding of the industry makes them the ideal choice for your cryptocurrency development needs.

Choosing the right cryptocurrency development partner is crucial for the success of your project. Malgo stands out as a top choice for businesses looking to develop a secure, scalable, and regulatory-compliant cryptocurrency platform. With a team of experienced developers, a strong focus on security, and a commitment to customer satisfaction, Malgo is the ideal partner for your cryptocurrency development needs.

#crypto #cryptocurrency #blockchain #software development #web3 #bitcoin

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materialsscienceandengineering · 1 year ago

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Study shines light on properties and promise of hexagonal boron nitride, used in electronic and photonics technologies

Single-photon emitters (SPEs) are akin to microscopic lightbulbs that emit only one photon (a quantum of light) at a time. These tiny structures hold immense importance for the development of quantum technology, particularly in applications such as secure communications and high-resolution imaging. However, many materials that contain SPEs are impractical for use in mass manufacturing due to their high cost and the difficulty of integrating them into complex devices. In 2015, scientists discovered SPEs within a material called hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Since then, hBN has gained widespread attention and application across various quantum fields and technologies, including sensors, imaging, cryptography, and computing, thanks to its layered structure and ease of manipulation. The emergence of SPEs within hBN stems from imperfections in the material's crystal structure, but the precise mechanisms governing their development and function have remained elusive. Now, a new study published in Nature Materials reveals significant insights into the properties of hBN, offering a solution to discrepancies in previous research on the proposed origins of SPEs within the material.

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girldickrights · 8 months ago

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people will claim they are math nerds and then talk about imaginary numbers, which are really cool. but they're just math enjoyers. they haven't seen the derangedness of lattice cryptography or LLL. we're building real world systems on best guesses about unfeasable computing. they don't even know about "safe primes" or p-adic numbers or the carmicheal function. you think math is cool, i'm drowning in her

#slightly elitist #math haters dni

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finotica · 8 months ago

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Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Technology: A Comprehensive Guide

In recent years, cryptocurrency and blockchain technology have revolutionized the way we think about finance, security, and even the internet itself. While both of these concepts might seem complex at first glance, they hold immense potential to reshape industries, enhance security, and empower individuals globally. If you’ve ever been curious about the buzz surrounding these digital innovations, you’ve come to the right place.

In this article, we will break down what cryptocurrency and blockchain technology are, how they work, and the various ways they are being used today. By the end, you’ll have a solid understanding of these cutting-edge topics and why they are so important in the modern world.

1. What is Cryptocurrency?

At its core, cryptocurrency is a type of digital currency that uses cryptography for security. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments (such as dollars or euros), cryptocurrencies are decentralized and typically operate on a technology called blockchain. Cryptocurrencies are designed to function as a medium of exchange, and they offer a new way of conducting secure financial transactions online without the need for a central authority like a bank.

The most well-known cryptocurrency is Bitcoin, but there are thousands of other cryptocurrencies, such as Ethereum, Litecoin, and Ripple, each with its own unique features and use cases.

2. How Does Cryptocurrency Work?

Cryptocurrencies operate on decentralized networks using blockchain technology. Each transaction made with a cryptocurrency is recorded in a public ledger known as the blockchain. This ledger is maintained by a network of computers called nodes, which verify and confirm each transaction through complex algorithms.

What makes cryptocurrency unique is its decentralized nature. Since there is no central authority controlling the currency, users have more control over their funds. This also provides an added layer of security, as the system is resistant to hacking and fraud.

3. The Birth of Bitcoin: The First Cryptocurrency

In 2008, an unknown person or group using the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto introduced Bitcoin to the world. Nakamoto published a white paper titled “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System” that outlined the principles of what we now know as Bitcoin.

Bitcoin became the first decentralized cryptocurrency, and it offered a solution to some of the flaws of traditional financial systems, such as high fees, slow transaction times, and reliance on third parties. Since its inception, Bitcoin has grown to become the most widely recognized and valuable cryptocurrency.

4. Blockchain Technology: The Backbone of Cryptocurrency

Blockchain technology is what makes cryptocurrencies possible. A blockchain is a distributed ledger that records transactions across multiple computers. Once data is recorded on the blockchain, it is extremely difficult to alter or delete, making it highly secure and immutable.

Each block in the chain contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data. This interconnected structure ensures that the data is secure and tamper-proof. Blockchain technology isn’t limited to cryptocurrencies; it has a wide range of applications, from supply chain management to healthcare.

5. How Does Blockchain Work?

To put it simply, a blockchain is a chain of blocks, where each block represents a set of data. When a new transaction is made, that transaction is added to a block, and once the block is complete, it is added to the chain.

The process of validating these transactions is carried out by miners (in proof-of-work systems) or validators (in proof-of-stake systems). These participants ensure that the transaction data is correct and consistent across the entire network.

The decentralized nature of blockchain means that no single entity controls the ledger. This makes it highly resistant to manipulation, and it creates a more transparent system of record-keeping.

6. The Advantages of Blockchain Technology

Blockchain technology offers a wide range of benefits, which is why it has gained so much traction across various industries. Here are some key advantages:

Security: Blockchain is designed to be secure. Each transaction is encrypted and linked to the previous one, making it nearly impossible to alter data without detection.

Transparency: The decentralized nature of blockchain allows for full transparency. All participants in the network can see and verify transactions.

Efficiency: Traditional financial systems can be slow and costly. Blockchain allows for faster transactions at lower fees by cutting out intermediaries.

Decentralization: Blockchain is not controlled by a single entity, giving users more autonomy over their data and transactions.

7. Common Applications of Blockchain Technology

While blockchain technology is best known for its use in cryptocurrency, it has a variety of other applications. Here are a few examples:

Finance: Beyond cryptocurrencies, blockchain is being used in the financial sector to streamline processes like cross-border payments, loans, and insurance claims.

Supply Chain Management: Blockchain can improve transparency and efficiency in supply chains by providing a tamper-proof record of each step in the production process.

Healthcare: Blockchain can be used to securely store and share patient data, ensuring that medical records are accurate and up to date.

Voting Systems: Blockchain has the potential to revolutionize voting by providing a secure and transparent platform for casting and counting votes.

8. Popular Cryptocurrencies Beyond Bitcoin

While Bitcoin was the first cryptocurrency, many others have since been developed, each with its own unique use cases. Here are some of the most popular:

Ethereum: Ethereum is more than just a cryptocurrency; it is a platform for creating decentralized applications (DApps) and smart contracts.

Litecoin: Often referred to as the silver to Bitcoin’s gold, Litecoin is a peer-to-peer cryptocurrency designed for faster transaction times.

Ripple (XRP): Ripple is a digital payment protocol that enables fast, low-cost international money transfers.

Cardano: A proof-of-stake blockchain platform that aims to provide a more secure and scalable way to handle transactions.

9. The Risks and Challenges of Cryptocurrency and Blockchain

As with any technology, there are risks and challenges associated with cryptocurrency and blockchain. Here are some of the key concerns:

Volatility: Cryptocurrencies are known for their price volatility, which can result in significant gains or losses for investors.

Regulation: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is still evolving, and different countries have varying approaches to how they govern digital currencies.

Security Risks: While blockchain is highly secure, the wallets and exchanges used to store and trade cryptocurrencies can be vulnerable to hacking.

Environmental Impact: Some cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, require large amounts of energy for mining, leading to concerns about their environmental impact.

10. The Future of Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Technology

The future of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology looks bright, but there are still many uncertainties. As more governments, companies, and individuals adopt these technologies, we can expect to see continued innovation and development.

Some experts predict that blockchain will become the standard for secure, decentralized systems across a wide range of industries, while others believe that cryptocurrencies will become a mainstream form of payment. Regardless of what the future holds, it is clear that both blockchain and cryptocurrency will play a significant role in shaping the digital landscape.

Conclusion

In summary, cryptocurrency and blockchain technology have already made a profound impact on the world of finance and technology. Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum have given individuals more control over their money, while blockchain has provided a secure and decentralized way to store data.

While there are risks and challenges, the potential benefits of these technologies are enormous, and they are only just beginning to be realized. Whether you’re an investor, a tech enthusiast, or just curious about the future, staying informed about cryptocurrency and blockchain is essential.

By understanding the fundamentals of how these systems work, you can position yourself to take advantage of the opportunities they offer in the years to come.

To learn more in-depth about how cryptocurrency and blockchain technology can impact your financial future, click here to explore our full guide on Finotica: Read More. Discover expert insights, practical tips, and the latest trends to stay ahead in the digital finance revolution!

#financetips #investing stocks #personal finance #management #finance #investing #crypto #blockchain #fintech #investment

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mariacallous · 1 year ago

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Two years ago when “Michael,” an owner of cryptocurrency, contacted Joe Grand to help recover access to about $2 million worth of bitcoin he stored in encrypted format on his computer, Grand turned him down.

Michael, who is based in Europe and asked to remain anonymous, stored the cryptocurrency in a password-protected digital wallet. He generated a password using the RoboForm password manager and stored that password in a file encrypted with a tool called TrueCrypt. At some point, that file got corrupted and Michael lost access to the 20-character password he had generated to secure his 43.6 BTC (worth a total of about €4,000, or $5,300, in 2013). Michael used the RoboForm password manager to generate the password but did not store it in his manager. He worried that someone would hack his computer and obtain the password.

“At [that] time, I was really paranoid with my security,” he laughs.

Grand is a famed hardware hacker who in 2022 helped another crypto wallet owner recover access to $2 million in cryptocurrency he thought he’d lost forever after forgetting the PIN to his Trezor wallet. Since then, dozens of people have contacted Grand to help them recover their treasure. But Grand, known by the hacker handle “Kingpin,” turns down most of them, for various reasons.

Grand is an electrical engineer who began hacking computing hardware at age 10 and in 2008 cohosted the Discovery Channel’s Prototype This show. He now consults with companies that build complex digital systems to help them understand how hardware hackers like him might subvert their systems. He cracked the Trezor wallet in 2022 using complex hardware techniques that forced the USB-style wallet to reveal its password.

But Michael stored his cryptocurrency in a software-based wallet, which meant none of Grand’s hardware skills were relevant this time. He considered brute-forcing Michael’s password—writing a script to automatically guess millions of possible passwords to find the correct one—but determined this wasn’t feasible. He briefly considered that the RoboForm password manager Michael used to generate his password might have a flaw in the way it generated passwords, which would allow him to guess the password more easily. Grand, however, doubted such a flaw existed.

Michael contacted multiple people who specialize in cracking cryptography; they all told him “there’s no chance” of retrieving his money. But last June he approached Grand again, hoping to convince him to help, and this time Grand agreed to give it a try, working with a friend named Bruno in Germany who also hacks digital wallets.

Grand and Bruno spent months reverse engineering the version of the RoboForm program that they thought Michael had used in 2013 and found that the pseudo-random number generator used to generate passwords in that version—and subsequent versions until 2015—did indeed have a significant flaw that made the random number generator not so random. The RoboForm program unwisely tied the random passwords it generated to the date and time on the user’s computer—it determined the computer’s date and time, and then generated passwords that were predictable. If you knew the date and time and other parameters, you could compute any password that would have been generated on a certain date and time in the past.

If Michael knew the day or general time frame in 2013 when he generated it, as well as the parameters he used to generate the password (for example, the number of characters in the password, including lower- and upper-case letters, figures, and special characters), this would narrow the possible password guesses to a manageable number. Then they could hijack the RoboForm function responsible for checking the date and time on a computer and get it to travel back in time, believing the current date was a day in the 2013 time frame when Michael generated his password. RoboForm would then spit out the same passwords it generated on the days in 2013.

There was one problem: Michael couldn’t remember when he created the password.

According to the log on his software wallet, Michael moved bitcoin into his wallet for the first time on April 14, 2013. But he couldn’t remember if he generated the password the same day or some time before or after this. So, looking at the parameters of other passwords he generated using RoboForm, Grand and Bruno configured RoboForm to generate 20-character passwords with upper- and lower-case letters, numbers, and eight special characters from March 1 to April 20, 2013.

It failed to generate the right password. So Grand and Bruno lengthened the time frame from April 20 to June 1, 2013, using the same parameters. Still no luck.

Michael says they kept coming back to him, asking if he was sure about the parameters he’d used. He stuck to his first answer.

“They really annoyed me, because who knows what I did 10 years ago,” he recalls. He found other passwords he generated with RoboForm in 2013, and two of them did not use special characters, so Grand and Bruno adjusted. Last November, they reached out to Michael to set up a meeting in person. “I thought, ‘Oh my God, they will ask me again for the settings.”

Instead, they revealed that they had finally found the correct password—no special characters. It was generated on May 15, 2013, at 4:10:40 pm GMT.

“We ultimately got lucky that our parameters and time range was right. If either of those were wrong, we would have … continued to take guesses/shots in the dark,” Grand says in an email to WIRED. “It would have taken significantly longer to precompute all the possible passwords.”

Grand and Bruno created a video to explain the technical details more thoroughly.

RoboForm, made by US-based Siber Systems, was one of the first password managers on the market, and currently has more than 6 million users worldwide, according to a company report. In 2015, Siber seemed to fix the RoboForm password manager. In a cursory glance, Grand and Bruno couldn’t find any sign that the pseudo-random number generator in the 2015 version used the computer’s time, which makes them think they removed it to fix the flaw, though Grand says they would need to examine it more thoroughly to be certain.

Siber Systems confirmed to WIRED that it did fix the issue with version 7.9.14 of RoboForm, released June 10, 2015, but a spokesperson wouldn’t answer questions about how it did so. In a changelog on the company’s website, it mentions only that Siber programmers made changes to “increase randomness of generated passwords,” but it doesn’t say how they did this. Siber spokesman Simon Davis says that “RoboForm 7 was discontinued in 2017.”

Grand says that, without knowing how Siber fixed the issue, attackers may still be able to regenerate passwords generated by versions of RoboForm released before the fix in 2015. He’s also not sure if current versions contain the problem.

“I'm still not sure I would trust it without knowing how they actually improved the password generation in more recent versions,” he says. “I'm not sure if RoboForm knew how bad this particular weakness was.”

Customers may also still be using passwords that were generated with the early versions of the program before the fix. It doesn’t appear that Siber ever notified customers when it released the fixed version 7.9.14 in 2015 that they should generate new passwords for critical accounts or data. The company didn’t respond to a question about this.

If Siber didn’t inform customers, this would mean that anyone like Michael who used RoboForm to generate passwords prior to 2015—and are still using those passwords—may have vulnerable passwords that hackers can regenerate.

“We know that most people don't change passwords unless they're prompted to do so,” Grand says. “Out of 935 passwords in my password manager (not RoboForm), 220 of them are from 2015 and earlier, and most of them are [for] sites I still use.”

Depending on what the company did to fix the issue in 2015, newer passwords may also be vulnerable.

Last November, Grand and Bruno deducted a percentage of bitcoins from Michael’s account for the work they did, then gave him the password to access the rest. The bitcoin was worth $38,000 per coin at the time. Michael waited until it rose to $62,000 per coin and sold some of it. He now has 30 BTC, now worth $3 million, and is waiting for the value to rise to $100,000 per coin.

Michael says he was lucky that he lost the password years ago because, otherwise, he would have sold off the bitcoin when it was worth $40,000 a coin and missed out on a greater fortune.

“That I lost the password was financially a good thing.”

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playstationvii · 8 months ago

Text

#Playstation7 Security backend FireWall Dynamic Encryption, NFT integration CG’s and Online Store, Game download, installation and run processes.

Creating a comprehensive backend system for a console that integrates security, encryption, store functionality, NFT integration, and blockchain encoding is an extensive task, but here’s a detailed outline and code implementation for these components:

1. Security and Firewall System with Dynamic Encryption

The security system will need robust firewalls and periodic encryption mechanisms that update dynamically every 5 minutes and every 30th of a second.

1.1 Encryption Structure (Python-based) with Time-Based Swapping

We’ll use the cryptography library in Python for encryption, and random for generating random encryption keys, which will change periodically.

Encryption Swapping Code:

import os

import time

import random

from cryptography.fernet import Fernet

class SecuritySystem:

def __init__(self):

self.current_key = self.generate_key()

self.cipher_suite = Fernet(self.current_key)

def generate_key(self):

return Fernet.generate_key()

def update_key(self):

self.current_key = self.generate_key()

self.cipher_suite = Fernet(self.current_key)

print(f"Encryption key updated: {self.current_key}")

def encrypt_data(self, data):

encrypted = self.cipher_suite.encrypt(data.encode())

return encrypted

def decrypt_data(self, encrypted_data):

return self.cipher_suite.decrypt(encrypted_data).decode()

# Swapping encryption every 5 minutes and 30th of a second

def encryption_swapper(security_system):

while True:

security_system.update_key()

time.sleep(random.choice([5 * 60, 1 / 30])) # 5 minutes or 30th of a second

if __name__ == "__main__":

security = SecuritySystem()

# Simulate swapping

encryption_swapper(security)

1.2 Firewall Setup (Using UFW for Linux-based OS)

The console could utilize a basic firewall rule set using UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall) on Linux:

# Set up UFW firewall for the console backend

sudo ufw default deny incoming

sudo ufw default allow outgoing

# Allow only specific ports (e.g., for the store and NFT transactions)

sudo ufw allow 8080 # Store interface

sudo ufw allow 443 # HTTPS for secure transactions

sudo ufw enable

This basic rule ensures that no incoming traffic is accepted except for essential services like the store or NFT transfers.

2. Store Functionality: Download, Installation, and Game Demos

The store will handle downloads, installations, and demo launches. The backend will manage game storage, DLC handling, and digital wallet integration for NFTs.

2.1 Download System and Installation Process (Python)

This code handles the process of downloading a game, installing it, and launching a demo.

Store Backend (Python + MySQL for Game Listings):

import mysql.connector

import os

import requests

class GameStore:

def __init__(self):

self.db = self.connect_db()

def connect_db(self):

return mysql.connector.connect(

host="localhost",

user="admin",

password="password",

database="game_store"

)

def fetch_games(self):

cursor = self.db.cursor()

cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM games")

return cursor.fetchall()

def download_game(self, game_url, game_id):

print(f"Downloading game {game_id} from {game_url}...")

response = requests.get(game_url)

with open(f"downloads/{game_id}.zip", "wb") as file:

file.write(response.content)

print(f"Game {game_id} downloaded.")

def install_game(self, game_id):

print(f"Installing game {game_id}...")

os.system(f"unzip downloads/{game_id}.zip -d installed_games/{game_id}")

print(f"Game {game_id} installed.")

def launch_demo(self, game_id):

print(f"Launching demo for game {game_id}...")

os.system(f"installed_games/{game_id}/demo.exe")

# Example usage

store = GameStore()

games = store.fetch_games()

# Simulate downloading, installing, and launching a demo

store.download_game("http://game-download-url.com/game.zip", 1)

store.install_game(1)

store.launch_demo(1)

2.2 Subsections for Games, DLC, and NFTs

This section of the store manages where games, DLCs, and NFTs are stored.

class GameContentManager:

def __init__(self):

self.games_folder = "installed_games/"

self.dlc_folder = "dlcs/"

self.nft_folder = "nfts/"

def store_game(self, game_id):

os.makedirs(f"{self.games_folder}/{game_id}", exist_ok=True)

def store_dlc(self, game_id, dlc_id):

os.makedirs(f"{self.dlc_folder}/{game_id}/{dlc_id}", exist_ok=True)

def store_nft(self, nft_data, nft_id):

with open(f"{self.nft_folder}/{nft_id}.nft", "wb") as nft_file:

nft_file.write(nft_data)

# Example usage

manager = GameContentManager()

manager.store_game(1)

manager.store_dlc(1, "dlc_1")

manager.store_nft(b"NFT content", "nft_1")

3. NFT Integration and Blockchain Encoding

We’ll use blockchain to handle NFT transactions, storing them securely in a blockchain ledger.

3.1 NFT Blockchain Encoding (Python)

This script simulates a blockchain where each block stores an NFT.

import hashlib

import time

class Block:

def __init__(self, index, timestamp, data, previous_hash=''):

self.index = index

self.timestamp = timestamp

self.data = data

self.previous_hash = previous_hash

self.hash = self.calculate_hash()

def calculate_hash(self):

block_string = f"{self.index}{self.timestamp}{self.data}{self.previous_hash}"

return hashlib.sha256(block_string.encode()).hexdigest()

class Blockchain:

def __init__(self):

self.chain = [self.create_genesis_block()]

def create_genesis_block(self):

return Block(0, time.time(), "Genesis Block", "0")

def get_latest_block(self):

return self.chain[-1]

def add_block(self, new_data):

previous_block = self.get_latest_block()

new_block = Block(len(self.chain), time.time(), new_data, previous_block.hash)

self.chain.append(new_block)

def print_blockchain(self):

for block in self.chain:

print(f"Block {block.index} - Data: {block.data} - Hash: {block.hash}")

# Adding NFTs to the blockchain

nft_blockchain = Blockchain()

nft_blockchain.add_block("NFT1: Digital Sword")

nft_blockchain.add_block("NFT2: Magic Shield")

nft_blockchain.print_blockchain()

3.2 NFT Wallet Transfer Integration (Python)

This script will transfer NFTs into wallets or digital blockchain systems.

class NFTWallet:

def __init__(self):

self.wallet = {}

def add_nft(self, nft_id, nft_data):

self.wallet[nft_id] = nft_data

print(f"Added NFT {nft_id} to wallet.")

def transfer_nft(self, nft_id, recipient_wallet):

if nft_id in self.wallet:

recipient_wallet.add_nft(nft_id, self.wallet[nft_id])

del self.wallet[nft_id]

print(f"Transferred NFT {nft_id} to recipient.")

# Example usage

user_wallet = NFTWallet()

user_wallet.add_nft("nft_1", "Digital Art Piece 1")

recipient_wallet = NFTWallet()

user_wallet.transfer_nft("nft_1", recipient_wallet)

4. CG (Computer Graphics) Storage for Cutscenes and Artwork

4.1 Storing and Retrieving CG Assets

This system stores CG assets (cutscenes, artwork, etc.) for later viewing and reminiscing.

class CGStorage:

def __init__(self):

self.cg_folder = "cg_assets/"

os.makedirs(self.cg_folder, exist_ok=True)

def store_cg(self, cg_id, cg_data):

with open(f"{self.cg_folder}/{cg_id}.mp4", "wb") as cg_file:

cg_file.write(cg_data)

print(f"CG {cg_id} stored.")

def retrieve_cg(self, cg_id):

with open(f"{self.cg_folder}/{cg_id}.mp4", "rb") as cg_file:

return cg_file.read()

# Example usage

cg_storage = CGStorage()

cg_storage.store_cg("cutscene_1", b"CG video data")

cg_data = cg_storage.retrieve_cg("cutscene_1")

Summary of the System:

1. Security: Dynamic encryption swaps with regular firewall management.

2. Store: Handles game downloads, installations, and demo launches, including storage for games, DLC, and NFTs.

3. NFT Integration: A blockchain-based system for NFT encoding and wallet transfers.

4. CG Storage: Storing and retrieving game cutscenes and artwork for later viewing.

This framework is scalable and can be extended as the console ecosystem grows. Each component works independently but can be integrated into a larger gaming console backend system.

#playstation7 #ps7 #deardearestbrands #digitalconsole #framework #python #soundcloud #celestiallink #raw code #rawscript #blockchain #NFTs #Security #Frontend #backend #encryption processes

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nunuslab24 · 1 year ago

Text

Understanding The World of Quantum Computers

Imagine a computer so powerful that it could solve problems in seconds that would take our current machines millions of years. No, it's not science fiction—it's the exciting world of quantum computing, where bits become qubits and the impossible becomes possible. Let's dive into this technological marvel that might one day be as common as your smartphone!

A quantum computer is a supercomputer that exploits quantum mechanical phenomena or in other words, a quantum computer uses tiny particles to perform complex calculations. Unlike regular computers, quantum computers use qubits instead of bits!

A qubit means that it is either neither 0 or 1, think of it as a wave; it can go up and down at any given moment! This ability to be in multiple states simultaneously is known as superposition. At the same time, a bit in a classical computer is like a simple switch that can be either off (0) or on (1), a qubit can be both off and on simultaneously, providing an incredible amount of computational power. But how do they really work?

How Quantum Computers Actually Work

Superposition: As mentioned, qubits can exist in multiple states at once. This allows quantum computers to process a vast amount of information simultaneously.

Entanglement: This is a phenomenon where qubits become intertwined, so the state of one qubit can depend on another, no matter how far apart they are. This can massively increase computational power.

Quantum Gates: Similarto logic gates (a device that acts as a building block for digital circuits) in classical computers, quantum gates manipulate qubits. but because of superposition and entanglement, quantum gates can perform complex operations much faster than classical gates (smartphones, tablets, etc).

What Do Quantum Computers Look Like?

Unlike the sleek laptops and smartphones we use today, quantum computers look very different. They are usually large (5ft wide & 20ft long), complex machines housed in specialized laboratories. A typical quantum computer setup includes:

Cryogenic Systems: Quantum computers need extremely low temperatures to function, often close to absolute zero (kelvin or -273.15 degrees Celsius or -460 degrees Fahrenheit). This requires sophisticated cooling systems.

Quantum Processor: The heart of a quantum computer, where qubits are manipulated.

Control Systems: These are used to manage and operate the quantum processor, often involving complex electronics and software.

In other words, quantum computers are not something you can slip into your pocket or place on your desk. They currently require a highly controlled environment and are far from being household items.

Why Does This Matter?

The potential of quantum computers is amazing. Here are a few areas where they could make a significant impact:

Cryptography: Quantum computers could break current encryption methods, making our data vulnerable. However, they could also create unbreakable encryption.

Drug (Health) Discovery: They can simulate molecular structures much more efficiently than classical computers, speeding up the process of drug discovery and development.

Optimization: Quantum computers can solve complex optimization problems that are currently unsolvable, impacting industries from logistics to finance.

Pros and Cons of Quantum Computers:

Pros:

Speed: Quantum computers can solve problems in seconds that would take classical computers millions of years.

Power: Their ability to handle complex calculations could revolutionize fields like cryptography, material science, and artificial intelligence (AI).

Innovation: They could lead to new discoveries and advancements in technology that we can’t even imagine yet.

Cons:

Complexity: Quantum computers are incredibly complex and difficult to build and maintain.

Cost: The technology is expensive and currently out of reach for most organizations.

Security Risks: The potential to break current encryption methods poses a significant security threat.

Will We Ever Have Quantum Computers in Our Homes?

Given their current state, quantum computers are unlikely to become household items anytime soon. The technology is still in its infancy, and the machines are expensive and complex. However, as research progresses and technology advances, it’s possible that we could see more accessible forms of quantum computing in the future.

For now, the most practical application for everyday users will likely come through cloud-based quantum computing services provided by tech companies. This means you could potentially access the power of a quantum computer over the internet, without having to own one.

Quantum computers represent a leap forward in computing technology, with the potential to transform numerous fields and solve problems that are currently intractable. However, they also come with significant challenges and risks. As this technology develops, it will be crucial to balance its immense potential with the necessary safeguards to ensure it benefits humanity as a whole.

#big tech #quantum computing #super computer #artificial intelligence #ai #ai development #ai tools

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unpluggedfinancial · 5 months ago

Text

Bitcoin: The Final Chapter in the Evolution of Money

Money has always been a mirror of humanity’s progress, a quiet witness to our creativity, our ambition, and our need to connect. From the humblest beginnings of bartering goods to the intangible brilliance of Bitcoin, the evolution of money is more than just a history lesson; it’s the story of us. It reflects how societies grow, how trust is built, and how power shifts. Today, as Bitcoin enters the global stage, it forces us to question whether we are standing at the pinnacle of monetary evolution—or perhaps just the beginning of something even greater.

In the earliest days of human exchange, bartering was the default. You had a goat, and someone else had grain. The trade was straightforward but cumbersome. What if the grain farmer didn’t need a goat? Or worse, what if your goat was only worth half the grain? The inefficiencies were glaring, and the limitations of barter pushed humans toward something ingenious: a universal medium of exchange.

Seashells, beads, and other symbolic objects emerged as early forms of money. These tokens weren’t inherently valuable but were agreed upon as valuable within their communities. Money wasn’t about the item itself; it was about the trust it represented. The innovation here wasn’t in the material but in the idea that value could be symbolized, portable, and shared across a group.

Then came the era of precious metals, particularly gold and silver. These materials brought durability, rarity, and divisibility to the concept of money. They weren’t just tokens; they had intrinsic qualities that people admired and trusted. Ancient societies began minting coins, stamping them with marks of authority to guarantee their weight and purity. Trust now extended beyond the material to the entity that issued it. Coinage became not just a tool of trade but a symbol of state power and reliability. Yet, even this system wasn’t without its flaws. Governments could and did debase currencies, mixing in cheaper metals to stretch their reserves. Trust, as it turned out, could be manipulated.

Fast-forward to the advent of paper money, and the story becomes even more about trust—or the illusion of it. Paper notes were initially redeemable for gold or silver, a convenient stand-in for heavy metals. But over time, the promise of redemption was quietly eroded. Money became untethered from tangible assets, and its value rested solely on the word of governments and central banks. This system allowed for incredible growth and convenience, but it also introduced a new fragility. Inflation, currency devaluation, and financial crises became recurring features of a world where money was no longer scarce but infinitely printable.

The digital age brought another leap forward. Credit cards, online banking, and mobile payments made money faster and more accessible than ever. Transactions that once took days or weeks could now be completed in seconds. Yet, these systems remained centralized. They relied on banks, payment processors, and governments to function. They introduced layers of fees, opportunities for censorship, and risks of fraud. Trust was no longer local or even national; it was global, but it was still concentrated in a few hands. This centralization set the stage for a radical disruption.

Enter Bitcoin. For the first time in history, money could exist outside the control of any government, bank, or corporation. Bitcoin didn’t just tweak the rules of the game; it rewrote them entirely. It offered scarcity in a digital form, capped at 21 million coins. It provided security through cryptography and transparency through its blockchain. Most importantly, it eliminated the need for trust. In the world of Bitcoin, the code is the trust.

Bitcoin is the culmination of everything money has been striving to become. It’s durable, divisible, portable, and scarce. But it goes further, addressing the flaws that plagued its predecessors. There are no rulers to debase it, no borders to limit it, and no intermediaries to exploit it. Bitcoin is money distilled to its purest form: a universal ledger that belongs to no one and everyone simultaneously.

Of course, the journey isn’t without its challenges. Bitcoin’s energy use is often misunderstood, its volatility scares off the faint-hearted, and its decentralized nature invites scrutiny from regulators. But history has shown that every revolutionary form of money faced skepticism. The first coins, the first banknotes, even the first credit cards—all were doubted before they became indispensable. Bitcoin’s path is no different. What sets it apart is its adaptability. Like an open-source organism, Bitcoin evolves, incorporating improvements and addressing its shortcomings through the collective effort of its global community.

As we look back on the history of money, a pattern emerges. Each new form of money solved the problems of the last while introducing possibilities that were previously unimaginable. Barter gave way to tokens, tokens to coins, coins to paper, paper to digital—and now, digital to decentralized. Bitcoin fits seamlessly into this arc, not as a replacement for what came before but as the next step in the natural evolution of money.

The question isn’t whether Bitcoin fits into the story of money. It’s whether we—as individuals, as societies, and as a species—are ready to embrace what it represents. Bitcoin challenges us to rethink not just how money works but what money is and who should control it. It invites us to imagine a world where trust is embedded in systems rather than institutions, where value is transparent rather than opaque, and where money is as free as the people who use it.

Bitcoin feels like the culmination of money’s evolution. From here, the only changes will likely revolve around how people choose to use it.

Take Action Towards Financial Independence

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